I-Aluminium icocwa njani kwaye zeziphi izinto ezikuyo?

I-Aluminium (Al) yintsimbi emhlophe ekhaphukhaphu, enjengesilivere, ebekwe kwindawo yesithathu efumaneka kakhulu kumhlaba, ilandela ioksijini kunye ne-silicon kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ye-reactivity yayo ephezulu yeekhemikhali, ayifumaneki ngokwendalo kwimo yayo yesinyithi ecocekileyo. Endaweni yoko, ifumaneka kwiikhompawundi, ngokuyintloko ngaphakathi kwe-bauxite ore, umxube wee-aluminium oxides ezimanzi kuquka i-gibbsite (Al(OH)₃), i-boehmite (AlO(OH)), kunye ne-diaspore.

Inkqubo Yokucoca Ngamanqanaba Amabini

Uhambo oluvela kwi-bauxite eluhlaza ukuya kwi-i-aluminium yobumsulwa obuphezulu ibandakanyaiinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zoshishino.

Inqanaba lokuqala yinkqubo yeBayer, eyaphuhliswa ngo-1888. I-bauxite ecoliweyo ixutywa nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide esishushu phantsi koxinzelelo, inyibilikisa iiminerali ezine-aluminium ngelixa ishiya ukungcola okufana ne-iron oxides kunye ne-silica ngasemva. Isisombululo se-sodium aluminate esiphumayo siyahluzwa ukuze kususwe intsalela yodaka olubomvu, sihlwayelwe ngeekristale ze-aluminium hydroxide, kwaye sifakwe i-calcium kwi-1,100°C ukuvelisa i-alumina emhlophe ecocekileyo, okanye i-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃). Ngaphezulu kwe-90% ye-alumina yehlabathi ngoku iveliswa ngale ndlela.

Inqanaba lesibini yinkqubo yeHall Héroult. I-Alumina ineqondo lokunyibilika elingaphezulu kwama-2,000°C, nto leyo eyenza ukuba i-electrolysis ethe ngqo ingasebenzi. Isisombululo sikukunyibilikisa i-Al₂O₃ kwi-cryolite enyibilikisiweyo (Na₃AlF₆), nto leyo ehlisa ubushushu bokusebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-950~1,000°C. Emva koko kudlula umbane kumxube. I-aluminium enyibilikisiweyo iqokelelana ezantsi (i-cathode), ngelixa i-oksijini idibana ne-carbon anodes ukwenza i-CO₂. Le ndlela ye-electrolytic ihlala iyeyona nkqubo yoshishino kuphela yokuvelisa i-aluminium yokuqala, ivelisa isinyithi esingu-99.5~99.8% wobumsulwa.

Zeziphi izinto eziqulethwe yiAluminiyam?

I-aluminiyam ecocekileyo ngokwayo iqulethe kuphela i-element Al, enenombolo ye-athomu eyi-13 kunye nobunzima be-athomu obumalunga ne-26.98 g/mol. I-aluminiyam yococeko lwezorhwebo (98.8–99.7% Al) iqulethe iintsalela ezincinci zesinyithi kunye ne-silicon njengokungcola kwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, uninziusetyenziso luxhomekeke kwii-alloys ze-aluminium, apho izinto ezithile zongezwa ngabom ukuze zilungelelanise iimpawu zoomatshini.

Kwizicelo zesakhiwo, uthotho lwe-6000 (umz., 6061) lusebenzisa i-magnesium kunye ne-silicon njengezinto zalo eziphambili zokudibanisa, ngokuqhelekileyo i-0.8 ~ 1.2% Mg kunye ne-0.400 ~ .8% Si. Le ngxubevange inika ibhalansi egqwesileyo yamandla aphakathi, ukudityaniswa kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle koomatshini.

Kwimfuno ezinamandla aphezulu, uthotho lwe-7000 (umz., 7075) luquka i-zinc kunye ne-copper njengezinto eziphambili zokudibanisa, malunga ne-5.16 ~ .1% Zn kunye ne-1.2 ~ 2.0% Cu. Ubushushu be-T6 be-7075 bunika phantse kabini amandla okutsalwa kwe-6061-T6, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yinto ekhethwayo kwiindawo zeenqwelo moya kunye nezixhobo zesakhiwo ezisebenza kakuhle.

Izixa ezincinci ze-chromium, i-manganese, kunye ne-titanium nazo zifumaneka rhoqo kwii-alloys zorhwebo, nganye idlala indima ekucocweni kweenkozo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ukuqonda ukwakheka okuchanekileyo kwe-alloy nganye kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto ezifanelekileyo kwiimfuno ezithile zomatshini okanye ukwenziwa.